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The Pale of Calais ((フランス語:le Calaisis)) is a historical region in modern-day France that was controlled by the monarchs of England following the Battle of Crécy in 1346. ''Pale'' is an archaic English term for "area, jurisdiction".〔 See also: The English Pale in Ireland.〕 The capture by the English is the subject of Auguste Rodin's 1889 sculpture ''The Burghers of Calais''. In 1558, the expanding Kingdom of France took the Pale of Calais in the aftermath of the Siege of Calais. ==History== Calais fell after the Battle of Crécy in 1346 to Edward III of England following a desperate siege. Its seizure gave him a defensible outpost where his army could regroup, and the city's position on the English Channel meant that, once it was taken, it could be resupplied easily by sea. Its retention was confirmed under the Treaty of Brétigny, signed on 8 May 1360, when Edward renounced the throne of France, in return for substantial lands in France, namely Aquitaine and the area around Calais. By 1453, at the end of the Hundred Years' War, it was the only part of mainland France to remain in English hands. While it was possible to resupply and defend Calais easily by sea, in the absence of any natural defence it depended on fortifications maintained and built up at some expense. However, its main defence had been that both the French and the Burgundians each coveted the city, but preferred to see it under the English rather than their rival. Changing political circumstances with the division of Burgundian interests in the Low Countries between France and Spain meant that, in 1550 when England surrendered the area around Boulogne, which Henry VIII had taken in 1544, the approaches to Calais were opened. The Pale of Calais remained controlled by England until finally lost by Mary I of England to France in 1558 when, following secret preparations, 30,000 French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, took the town of Calais. Its loss was recognised under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559). In England there was shock and disbelief at the loss of this final Continental territory. The story goes that a few months later Queen Mary, on her death bed, told her family: "When I am dead and cut open, they will find Philip and Calais inscribed on my heart". However the loss of the Pale of Calais was not as severe on the English economy as might have been expected, as by this time England was focusing its trade on the Netherlands. During the English occupation, the people of the Pale of Calais retained their identity as French and Flemish speakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pale of Calais」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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